In his day Pemberton was a most respected member of the state's medical establishment, but his gift was for medical chemistry rather than regular medicine. He was appointed inspector general of the artillery as of January 7, and held this position until he was captured in Salisbury, North Carolina, on April 12. Historical Person Search Search Search Results Results John Pemberton (1846 - 1919) . These instances illustrate that Pemberton lacked the mental endurance necessary to sustain an army through the rigors of an engagement. [6] John D. Winters described the men under Pemberton as "a beaten and demoralized army, fresh from the defeat at Corinth, Mississippi." All That's Interesting is a Brooklyn-based digital publisher that seeks out stories that illuminate the past, present, and future. He requested what amounted to private art lessons while demonstrating little interest or effort in more military matters. In May 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become Coca-Cola, but sold his rights to the drink shortly before his death. Pembertons business opened its doors in 1860 and had $35,000 worth of the latest most high-tech equipment on its side. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. It would get mixed with water on the spot. in Knoxville, Georgia , United States, Died on August 16, 1888 Family Tree Maker user home page for John-Pemberton-Northamptonshire. He and his family lived there for nearly 30 years, during which time he attended the Reform Medical College of Georgia in Macon, studying both medicine and pharmacy. No, he died on 08/16/1888, 134 years ago. Its fame spread throughout the Southeast, and the demand for the tasty beverage was high. The idea was to develop new products and sell medical and photography supplies, and branch out into cosmetics. All Records . His son Charles continued to sell his father's formula, but six years later Charles Pemberton died, having succumbed to opium addiction. The Life Summary of John. Assigned to the defenses of Vicksburg, it soon became the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi. He married Ellen Aynsdale on 9 January 1540, in Wallasey, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom. When John Pemberton II was born in 1718, in King William, King William, Virginia, British Colonial America, his father, John Pemberton II, was 27 and his mother, Eleonour, was 23. The wounded soldier became hooked almost immediately, using it initially to relieve his pain. There were protests against his being buried at Laurel Hill by the families of several famous people, such as General George Meade, Thomas McKean (Signer of the Declarartion of Independence) and Admiral John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren. That wouldve arguably prevented him from inventing Coca-Cola, but also liberated him from the future troubles of having a substance abuse problem. West Point policy allowed a cadet to seek tutoring in subjects in which he struggled. John PEMBERTON 777 Birth12 Oct 1742, Lancastershire, England Death25 Oct 1813, Sullivan Co., Tennessee BurialPemberton-Hawkins-Grant Cemetery, Sullivan Co., Tennessee Spouses 1 Elizabeth DULANEY 1378, 777 Birth27 Jan 1746, Washington Co., Virginia Death7 Aug 1812, Sullivan Co., Tennessee BurialPemberton Cemetery, Sullivan Co., Tennessee With the aid of the coca plant, the Indians had performed "astonishing" feats, he said, "without fatigue." Immediate Family: Son of John Pemberton and Deborah Pemberton. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. He was to receive a royalty of five cents for each gallon of Coca-Cola sold. With coca leaves imported from South America adding a particular twist what would otherwise be a mere soft drink, Pemberton sold the soda as a nerve tonic, mental aid, headache remedy and a cure for morphine addiction. Join us July 13-16! In May 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become world-famous as Coca-Cola but sold his rights to the drink shortly before his death. [7][8][9], In 1866, seeking a cure for his addiction, he began to experiment with painkillers that would serve as morphine-free alternatives to morphine. People Projects Discussions Surnames He achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.[2]. 1. Circumstances leading up to the crossing of Grant's army on April 30 May 1, 1863, and the subsequent battle of Port Gibson, demonstrate in Pemberton an absence of both perspective and intuition. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Meanwhile, Union gunboats and transports passed the river batteries at Vicksburg en route to their rendezvous with the Thirteenth and Seventeenth Corps. notice, New York Herald. After the war with Mexico ended, Pemberton and the 4th Artillery served in garrison duty at Fort Pickens near Pensacola, Florida, in 1849. He then was part of the storming of Chapultepec Castle on September 13, and the Battle for Mexico City that day and the next, where Pemberton was wounded. i Conkling, v dary for an ole. In the end, this led to the recipe that later was adapted to make Coca-Cola. [22] Pemberton had a hunch that his formula "someday will be a national drink", so he attempted to retain a share of the ownership to leave to his son. Two years later he became a trustee of the Atlanta Medical College (later Emory University School of Medicine) and established a business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where his own brands of pharmaceuticals were manufactured on a large scale. Geni requires JavaScript! Historically, successful battlefield commanders possessed certain common characteristics. Wrong username or password. Pemberton garnered his graduate degree in pharmacy a few years before the Civil War in the 1860s. He explained that South American Indians considered the coca plant a sacred herb and praised its beneficial effects on the mind and body. Son of James Pemberton and Rebecca Pemberton Answer (1 of 2): Interestingly, "The Coca-Cola Company" that we all know was not founded by John Pemberton, or any of his family members. John W. Bulk*, of the Wesleyan ( Kristian Advocate. On the day of Pemberton's funeral, Atlanta druggists closed their stores and attended the services en masse as a tribute of respect. Gant. Though born in nearby Knoxville, Georgia, Pemberton, as a young child, moved with his family to the larger city of Columbus, Georgia. Pemberton arrived at his new headquarters in Jackson, Mississippi, on October 14. There he built a mansion in 1687 and had served as William Penn's chief administrator. John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831 August 16, 1888) was an American biochemist and Confederate States Army veteran who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola. At the time of his death, he also suffered from poverty and his worsening addiction to morphine. John Stith Pemberton was an American pharmacist and is best known for being the inventor of Coca-Cola. As a founding member of the Third Georgia Cavalry Battalion, Pemberton defended the city of Columbus became lieutenant colonel as a result. He fought in the Mexican . Pemberton surrendered 2,166 officers and 27,230 men, 172 cannon, and almost 60,000 muskets and rifles to Grant. Established in 1860 and outfitted with some $35,000 worth of the newest and most improved equipmentsome of it designed and patented by the companyit was "a magnificent establishment," an enthusiastic reporter from the Atlanta Constitution proclaimed in 1869 when the labs were moved to Atlanta, "one of the most splendid Chemical Laboratories that there is in the country.". Their only child, Charles Nay Pemberton, was born in 1854. Husband of Anna Eliza Clifford Pemberton Had you succeeded none would have blamed; had you not made the attempt, few if any would have defended your course. Discover the family tree of John Stith Pemberton for free, and learn about their family history and their ancestry. His most enduring accomplishments involve his laboratories, which are still in operation more than 125 years later as part of the Georgia Department of Agriculture. Pemberton was "the most noted physician Atlanta ever had," according to the Atlanta newspapers, but he is best known for his expertise in the laboratory, where he perfected the formula for Coca-Cola. Pemberton and Company of Columbus claimed. As late as April 12, Pemberton believed Grant's forces were withdrawing to Memphis. His parents were James C. Pemberton and Martha L. Gant. Tho funeral of tho late, of the Con- federate Soldier. As his popularity began to grow, John played his music in church and at school talent shows. As for the name Coca-Cola it was Pembertons bookkeeper Frank Robinson who coined the billion-dollar monicker. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Guided by the inclinations of his youth, Pemberton excelled in both art and languages. Pembertons new store specialized in materia medica (substances used in making medical remedies). Username and password are case sensitive. In May 2010, a Twitter account was created for John Pemberton, which was subsequently "verified" by the website. Husband of Martha (Worcester) Pemberton and Eleonour Pemberton. Pemberton and the 4th was then on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from 1857 to 1858, and participated in the Utah War in 1858. In 1905, the Coca-Cola we know and love came into existence. Investor and Northern pharmacist Asa G. Candler was one of the main owners by this point, while Pemberton left his third of the pie for his son. In 1850, when he was 19 years old, Pemberton received his license to practice Thomsonian (or botanic) principles. Father of Charles Ney Pemberton He grew up in Tolleson, AZ, but attended St. Mary's Elementary and High. His parents were James C. Pemberton and Martha L. Pemberton and the 4th returned to garrison duty at Fort Monroe, Virginia in 1842, then were stationed at the U.S. Army Cavalry School at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, in 1842 and 1843, and returned to Fort Monroe from 1844 to 1845. He fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day. Geni requires JavaScript! A portrait of John Stith Pemberton from sometime before 1888. Pemberton grew up and was educated in Philadelphia, entered West Point in 1833, and graduated four years later. Posted on October 22, 2011 by Lisa Pemberton. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. After practicing medicine and surgery in Rome, he opened a wholesale-retail business in Columbus in 1853. They were married in Columbus in 1853. "Richard Gardiner, "The Civil War Origin of Coca-Cola in Columbus, Georgia". According to the Coca-Cola Company, Pemberton developed the syrup for the famed beverage, which was sampled at the local Jacob's Pharmacy and deemed to be "excellent." The syrup was combined with carbonated water to create . These laboratories were responsible for virtually eliminating the sale of bootleg chemicals in the state, and made prosecution of fraudulent varieties easier to accomplish. At sunup the following day, a special train carried his body to Columbus, where a large group of friends, relatives, and admirers laid him to rest. Some time before the Civil War (1861-65), he acquired a graduate degree in pharmacy, but the exact date and place are unknown. In 1869 he became a principal partner in the firm of Pemberton, Wilson, Taylor and Company, which was based in Atlanta, where he moved in 1870. He met Ann Eliza Clifford Lewis of Columbus, Georgia, known to her friends as "Cliff", who had been a student at Wesleyan College in Macon. Robinson convinced his boss to allocate a significant portion of their budget to continue marketing the beverage through free drink coupons, banners, streetcar placards and store awnings that read Drink Coca-Cola. The drink soon made a name for itself in Atlanta, and Pemberton had the strong feeling it would spread across the country. After the battle of Champion Hill on May 16, Confederate Surgeon John A. Leavy voiced the harshest criticism: Sentiments remained unchanged when the Southerners stacked their arms and relinquished Vicksburg. He got wounded in the battle of 1865. He served faithfully in this reduced capacity until the end of the war. JOHN PEMBERTON - people search, genealogy, find deceased relatives and locate ancestors + Leaflet | Tiles OpenMapTiles | Data OpenStreetMap contributors Death statistics by year for last name PEMBERTON 0 30 60 90 120 150 1963 1969 1975 1981 1987 1993 1999 2005 Average age at death for last name PEMBERTON 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 22 36 50 64 78 92 He then served along the northern U.S. frontier during the Canada Border Disturbances. Our Beloved Father was welcomed into the arms of the Lord on December 2, 2022. His standing in his graduating class would normally have only guaranteed acceptance into one of the less prestigious cavalry or infantry branches of the service; however, his father pulled some strings. He was promoted to colonel on May 8, and the next day was assigned to the Virginia Provisional Army Artillery, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the age of twelve his family formed a band called "Southern Sound" and they toured and played music together for many years. Nevertheless, on April 24, 1861, he resigned his commission and offered his services to the fledgling Confederacy, with whose ideas of duty and honor he sympathized. That one, too, contained stimulating coca leaves. He and the 4th fought again in Florida during hostilities against the Seminoles from 1856 to 1857. Please try again. Lieutenant General John Pemberton's career and life are defined by the events that culminated at Vicksburg, Mississippi on July 4, 1863. Family Children . Rebecca Pemberton. He studied medicine and pharmacy at the Reform Medical College of Georgia in Macon, and in 1850, at the age of nineteen, he was licensed to practice on Thomsonian or botanic principles (such practitioners relied heavily on herbal remedies and on purifying the body of toxins, and they were viewed with suspicion by the general public). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stith_Pemberton. Some of it was even designed and patented by the company itself, which one reporter from the Atlanta Constitution called a magnificent establishment in 1869. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, Aug 10 1814 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, July 13 1881 - Penllyn, Pennsylvania, USA. PixabayA vintage Coca-Cola delivery truck, and visceral reminder of just how long the drink has been around. Geni requires JavaScript! He also noted that Pemberton "gave orders in [an] uncertain manner that implied to me that he had no matured plans for the coming battle." It is instructive to distinguish between John Pemberton's suitability as a staff officer and his abilities as a battlefield commander. When a. Wikimedia CommonsThe drink was initially sold only at pharmacies, and in syrup form. Son of John Clifford Pemberton, Sr. and Rebecca Rawle Pemberton In an attempt to carry out his orders from both Davis and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Pemberton and his Army of Mississippi set out east to combine with Johnston's forces gathering around Jackson, while remaining in contact and covering Vicksburg. Cadet Pemberton did request private tutoring however, it was in the area in which he already excelled. During the six months in which Grant operated against Vicksburg prior to the landing at Bruinsburg, Pemberton had numerous opportunities to become acquainted with his adversary's operational methods. His averages in those courses were 46, 52, 68, and 55 respectively. He put his son Charles in charge of manufacturing Coca-Cola, and after prohibition ended in 1887, he again produced French Wine Coca. With a sunken cost of $70 in supplies, Pemberton saw this as an utter failure, while Robinson had a more nuanced view. In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County enacted temperance legislation, Pemberton found himself forced to produce a non-alcoholic alternative to his French Wine Coca. The Georgia Department of Agriculture uses his laboratories to this day over 125 years after his death. Nothing in his background or natural ability provided him with the skills necessary to meet the Confederacy's need in its greatest crisis. Promoted to Captain in 1850, he was part of the 1858 operations in Utah against the Mormons led by Albert Sidney Johnston. Wigan, Lancashire, England, UK . John Clifford Pemberton, (born August 10, 1814, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.died July 13, 1881, Penllyn, Pennsylvania), Confederate general during the American Civil War, remembered for his tenacious but ultimately unsuccessful defense of Vicksburg. When Dr. John Stith Pemberton was born on 8 July 1831, in Knoxville, Crawford, Georgia, United States, his father, James Clifford Pemberton, was 35 and his mother, Martha L Worsham, was 40. This entry was posted in Certificates, Wills, . Wikimedia CommonsJohn Stith Pemberton, the man who invented Coca-Cola. Pemberton was born on July 8, 1831, in Knoxville, Georgia, and spent most of his childhood in Rome, Georgia. When Union troops under General James Wilsons command reached Columbus one Easter Sunday of 1865, Pemberton was in direct line of fire and almost died. Ann Pemberton. He died in the village of Penllyn, Lower Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania, five years later and is buried in the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. Birthplace: King William, King William, VA, United States. When war erupted with Mexico, First Lieutenant Pemberton participated in the action at Palo Alto and commanded a company at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. He suffered from a sabre wound sustained in April 1865, during the Battle of Columbus; his ensuing morphine addiction led him to experiment with various painkillers and toxins. After his surrender, Pemberton was exchanged as a prisoner on October 13, 1863, and he returned to Richmond. An error has occured while loading the map. illegal drugs that doctors once prescribed. Unfortunately, he died before he could reap what he sowed. His main talent was chemistry. He made a name for himself in the states medical establishment, though his strength lay in medical chemistry rather than traditional medicine. Thank you for visiting john pemberton family tree page. Pembertons bookkeeper Frank Robinson suggested investing more money in promotion and marketing like these free-drink coupons. [3] After initially practicing some medicine and surgery, Pemberton opened a drug store in Columbus. John Pemberton's army career began auspiciously, with an appointment to the artillery branch of the army. Historical Person Search Search Search Results Results John PEMBERTON Try FREE for 14 days Try FREE for 14 days How do we create a persons profile? The battle would directly impact the rest of his life and ultimately lead to both his greatest success and biggest weakness due to his subsequent addiction to morphine. Pemberton and the 4th were next stationed in Michigan, serving at Detroit in 1840, at Fort Mackinac in 1840 and 1841, and at Fort Bradyin in 1841. [19] Pemberton relied on Atlanta drugstore owner-proprietor Willis E. Venable to test, and help him perfect, the recipe for the beverage, which he formulated by trial and error. Pemberton then fought in the Army's 1847 actions in Mexico, including the Siege of Vera Cruz in March, the Battle of Cerro Gordo in April, the skirmish near Amazoque in May, the capture of San Antonio and the Battle of Churubusco in August, and most notably in the Battle of Molino del Rey that September. The rank and file will be allowed all their clothing, but no other property. At first Gen. Braxton Bragg thought he could use Pemberton, but after conferring with his own ranking officers he advised Davis that taking on the discredited lieutenant general "would not be advisable." With the capitulation of Vicksburg, the South relinquished its hold on the final section of the Mississippi River under its control. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. On July 4, 1863 General Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg, a move that gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River and hastened the end of the Confederacy. Geneanet. Converted into the state's first testing labs and staffed with Pemberton's hand-picked employees, these labs almost single-handedly eliminated the sale of fraudulent agricultural chemicals in the state and ensured successful prosecution of those who tried to sell them. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1833, and graduated four years later, standing 27th out of 50 cadets. Pemberton retreated to the Big Black River, where he fought and suffered even more heavy losses on May 17. Coming from a musical family, John began learning to play his fathers guitar when he was three years old and he hasnt put it down since. Contrary to the majority of his subordinates who favored obeying Johnston's orders, Pemberton instead chose to march south against Grant's supply line at Dillon's plantation. John Stith Pemberton was a Confederate veteran who was wounded in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia and an American druggist. Pemberton resolved to defend Vicksburg and led his defeated men back into its defenses on May 18. Born a Union man in Philadelphia in August of 1814, John Clifford Pemberton would go on to be a quintessential but controversial player in Confederate leadership. He began his new career as a lieutenant colonel of Virginia State troops, but within two months experienced an unexplainably meteoric rise to brigadier general. Basically, another chemist named Ava Candler, wrestled control of the business away from Pemberton an. During that period Pemberton gained valuable experience while in command of an ordnance depot. Although the accusations plagued Pemberton for the remainder of his life, it was the charge of incompetence that became inseparably attached to his reputation. Pemberton was then appointed a major in the Confederate Army Artillery on June 15 and quickly promoted to brigadier general two days later. He formed Pemberton chemical Company to market it and put his son in charge of production. Brother of William Pemberton; James Pemberton; Peter Pemberton and Joseph Pemberton, @R-1274674180@ North America, Family Histories, 1500-2000 Ancestry.com Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 1,61157::0, Book Title: The Ancestors and Descendants of Daniel and Lovina (Hovey) Williams of Wethersfield, Connecticut, W 1,61157::2852840. Death: July 28, 1753 (61-62) Haverhill, Essex, MA, United States. Along with Pemberton and his 14 remaining guns, the Federals rounded up about 1,300 men and nearly 10,000 small arms.There is no record of his parole after his capture. Although the name quite clearly refers to the two main ingredients, the controversy over its cocaine content would later prompt The Coca-Cola Company to state that the name was "meaningless but fanciful." He even designed the logo, which is still in use today, more than a century later. Forfeiture of that bastion resulted in the envelopment of that half of the Confederacy east of the Mississippi and its severance from those Southern states across the muddy waters to the west. Of Gen. iser. In the end, the ambitious scientist and entrepreneur created one of the most successful and enduring consumer products of our time one that has yet to be rivaled by competing alternatives in its niche. Part of his motivation to sell was that he still suffered from expensive continuing morphine addiction. Historical Person Search Search Search Results Results John PEMBERTON (1855 Unknown) Try FREE for 14 days Try FREE for 14 days How do we create a persons profile? On May 14, in response to an order from General Johnston, Pemberton prepared to advance his army toward Union forces occupying Clinton, Mississippi. Father of George Xavier Pemberton, Jr; William D Pemberton and James Pemberton He was also the uncle of John Pemberton, a Confederate soldier who later invented Coca-Cola. Pemberton also made many health claims for his product and marketed it as "delicious, refreshing, exhilarating, invigorating" and touted it as a "valuable brain tonic" that would cure headaches, relieve exhaustion and calm nerves. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. The Atlanta newspapers called him "the oldest druggist of Atlanta and one of her best known citizens.". rec!' Henceforth, he would call Coca-Cola the ideal temperance drink, both on the label and in advertising. Pemberton made many health claims for his product, touting it as a "valuable brain tonic" that would cure headaches, relieve exhaustion, and calm nerves, and marketed it as "delicious, refreshing, pure joy, exhilarating", and "invigorating". With Venable's assistance, Pemberton worked out a set of directions for its preparation that eventually included blending the base syrup with carbonated water, and Frank Mason Robinson came up with the name "Coca-Cola" for the alliterative sound, which was popular among other wine medicines of the time. This was unique in the South during that time. He lived for a time in Virginia, but eventually returned to the state of his birth, where he died and was buried. On October 25, 1862, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant was appointed commander of the Department of the Tennessee. got your result, John Pemberton Family Tree View Complete Tree, Family Tree Maker 2009 With Complete Detail, Anne Rice Vampire Chronicles Family Tree You Should Check It. John Pemberton in MyHeritage family trees (Sedgwick Web Site) view all Immediate Family. Every purchase supports the mission. In May 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become Coca-Cola, but sold his rights to the drink shortly before his death. When second thoughts about moving farther from Vicksburg gripped Pemberton, he halted the advance and convened a council of war. Pemberton was appointed a brevet major for his performance at Molino del Rey on September 8. Research genealogy for John Michael Pemberton of Saline County, Illinois, USA, as well as other members of the Pemberton family, on Ancestry. Another order from Johnston changing their proposed meeting location caused Pemberton to turn around, and when he did he accidentally collided with Grant's army at the Battle of Champion Hill on May 16 and suffered a major defeat. We are direct importers manufacturing all the pharmaceutical and chemical preparations used in the arts and sciences, the company, J.S. Life at West Point agreed with Cadet Pemberton as he frequently expressed in letters throughout his four-year residence. Pemberton, Charles: son of John Stith Pemberton. According to The New Georgia Encyclopedia, John Stith Pemberton was born on January 8, 1831 in Knoxville, Georgia. However, his effortless ability to achieve high marks in subjects that held his interest disguised a less than average performance in areas of a more technical and purely military nature. Coca-Cola's Secret Formula "Discovered" by This American Life TIME.com", "Coca-Cola's Dr. Pemberton May Not Be 'The Real Thing! Asa Candler bought the business in 1887. Pemberton intended for his troops to move out at 8 a.m. on the morning of May 15. Cause of death: cancer. While serving on the staff of General William Worth, he was awarded the brevets of captain and major, respectively, for his conduct during the Battles of Monterrey and Molino del Rey. Research genealogy for John PEMBERTON of Boston, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States, as well as other members of the PEMBERTON family, on Ancestry. John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831 - August 16, 1888) was an American biochemist and Confederate States Army veteran who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola. Mismanagement and a failure to reconnoiter the intended avenue of advance caused delays and the Confederates had marched only a few miles beyond their point of departure by the early hours of May 16. In 1894, Coke was sold in bottles for the first time. It would get mixed with water on the spot. . Unbeknownst to Pemberton, during these same hours Grant's Army of the Tennessee was marching west on three parallel routes of advance toward the Confederates.
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