Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? Describe observational learning and modeling. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. d. conditions of worth. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. In the case of men. c. insert RNA into genes. c. psychoanalysts. a. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. c. paradigms. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. c. existential Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. 18. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. a. modeling. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. The final section is a It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. 17. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. b. Consider your parents for a minute. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. Hormonal imbalances. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. d. damage control. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. d. synapses. Dealing with anxiety. I'm here for you." The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. a. behavior-focused Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. c. psychosurgery. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. This is called: a. fixation. b. existential therapy. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. Shonda responds by changing the subject. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 2.3.4. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? b. rationalization. All of the models include an element of the biological model. b. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. 12. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. 127. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. 20. b. sociocultural In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. 134. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. Medical Model: Definition, Mental Health, Psychology - StudySmarter US b. modeling. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. This is called the. d. displacement. 52. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. 2.2.1.4. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). c. humanistic-existential Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). 2.3.4.3. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. a. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. b. Rogers. See Figure 2.1 below. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. b. psychoanalysis. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. 34. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. c. The receiving neurons fire. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Is there merit to this view? Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? How so? c. sociocultural When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. a. existential Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. 2.2.2. Solved model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the - Chegg c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. 91. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. 2.3.1.3. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. b. cognitive-behavioral Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. a. humanistic therapy. b. behavioral-focused c. gestalt Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. 27. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. 2.3.2.2. d. projection. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. d. unconscious feelings of loss. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers.
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