More About How Much Is The Russian Ruble Worth How much was 800 Russian rubles worth in 1986? The ruble's exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar depreciated significantly from US$1 = 125RUR in July 1992 to approximately US$1 = 6,000RUR when the currency was redenominated in 1998. The system of banking credit still remains in force for small private industrial enterprise and the needs of individual citizens who place their money in state savings institutions. For the currency of Russia, see, Also used in the breakaway territories of. [10] For this reason, there have been several instances of (now worthless) Soviet and Russian ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland.[5]. According to one estimate, that of P. Popov of the Central Statistical Bureau of Soviet Russia, by 1920 the total production of Russian industry had fallen from a pre-war level of 6.059 billion gold rubles to the equivalent of just 836 million a decline of more than 85%.[10]. The Soviet currency had different names in the different languages of the USSR; Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Transnistria have all retained the Soviet-era names for their new currencies. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, each of these USD amounts below is equal in terms of what it could buy at the time: This conversion table shows various other 1920 amounts in today's dollars, based on the 1,395.85% change in prices: Inflation can vary widely by city, even within the United States. (or later date) meaning "modification of year 2001" on the left watermark area. [9], After stabilizing at around US$1 = 30 from 2001 to 2013, it depreciated to the range of US$1 = 60-80 from 2014 to 2021 as a result of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 and 2010s oil glut. A series of circulating Olympic commemorative 25 coins started in 2011. The abbreviations Rbl (plural: Rbls) in Latin[14][15] and . Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. Historically, it was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union. Since it is impractical to limit the access of minors to banknotes, he requested in his letter to the Governor of the Bank of Russia Elvira Nabiullina to immediately change the design of the banknote.[48]. [37] In September 2016, a vote was held to decide which symbols and cities will be displayed on the new notes. Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia connotes a seven-year period of uncontrollable spiraling inflation in the early Soviet Union, running from the earliest days of the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917 to the reestablishment of the gold standard with the introduction of the chervonets as part of the New Economic Policy. Coins are minted in the Moscow Mint and at the Saint Petersburg Mint, which has been operating since 1724. These notes are known as "Kerenki" or "Kerensky rubles". In the lower part of the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the green stripe there is a QR-code containing a link to the Bank of Russia's webpage, which lists historical information related to the banknote. On 11 December 2013, the official symbol for the ruble became , a Cyrillic letter Er with a single added horizontal stroke,[24][bettersourceneeded] though the abbreviation "." [13], No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire, nor was one introduced in the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. This is a return on investment of 2,420,438.69%, with an absolute return of $24,204.39 on top of the original $1. The trading of the Chinese yuan against the ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market, while the yuan's trading against the ruble was set to start on the Russian foreign exchange market in December 2010. The cost of 1 Russian Ruble in United States Dollars today is $0.01 according to the Open Exchange Rates, compared to yesterday, the exchange rate increased by 0.000009% (by +$0.0000000012). It opened in Saint Petersburg and in Moscow in 1769. These coins began being issued in 1998, although some of them bear the year 1997. The predominant colour of the note is olive green. Answer (1 of 6): If we take as a yardstick of parity the average price of a loaf of bread, one ruble back in 1986 was equivalent to $5.30. When $1 is equivalent to $14.96 over time, that means that the "real value" of a single U.S. dollar decreases over time. Is about 3 years and 6 months now I have been living with this virus and it has been a serious problem to me, I was so confused cause i have been taking several drugs to be cured but all of my effort was in vain,one morning Iwas browsing through the internet then Isaw several testimonies about Dr. Akhigbe curing people from Herpes virus and immediately i contacted Dr. Akhigbe on his email:drrealakhigbe@gmail.com, i told him about my troubles and he told me that i must be cured, he gave me some instructions and which i rightly followed. 1 kopeck (0,01 ruble): a box of matches, a glass of soda, two guitar mediators. Top. Part and parcel of NEP would be a return to a functional currency and monetary payment of wages rather than compensation of workers through rations and free services, as was the case under War Communism. Soviet ruble, 1924: 100 rubles = $45 = 26 pairs of galoshes. The cost of 1 Russian Ruble in United States Dollars today is $0.01 according to the "Open Exchange Rates", compared to yesterday, the exchange rate decreased by -0.02% (by -$0.000003). In 1800, 62 US ships visited Russia: American trade was increasing. In March 1917 the so-called February Revolution overthrew the regime of Tsar Nikolai II, which was replaced with a provisional government headed by a succession of leaders ending with Alexander Kerensky. wide security thread is embedded into the paper. The Bank of Russia issues other commemorative non-circulating coins ranging from 1 to 50,000 .[36]. "It's an unusual situation," said Jeffrey Frankel, professor of capital formation and . [11] The Supreme Council of National Economy (Vesenkha), chief economic control agency of Soviet Russia in this period, cited a far lower figure of 4,420 nationalized enterprises in November 1920, while a third source indicated a total of 4,547 firms under state ownership. window.google_analytics_uacct = "UA-10608984-2"; Was an annual wage of 25 pounds per year in 1780 much compared to the wage rates at the time? in2013dollars.com is a reference website maintained by the Official Data Foundation. Anyone can read what you share. [45], Proposed to return into circulation in 2023 due to higher production cost of the 10 coin. As the War Communism period progressed manufactured consumer goods came to be in such short supply that they were virtually unobtainable. [2] A return was made by people in their daily lives to a primitive barter economy. No more would forced requisitioning be the order of the day, but rather the adoption of a regularized "tax-in-kind." Such transactions are now of secondary importance, and may be successfully carried out by the central and local institutions of the Commissariat of Finance"[17], It was neither Marxist theory that was causing disintegration of the money economy nor the replacement of currency transactions by moneyless credits between state-owned firms, but rather hyperinflation. Nikischenko. is in wide use. Annual Rate, the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI. Current, but not issued since 2001. ECB Euro Exchange Rates. [62][68], The crisis affected the Russian economy, both consumers and companies, and regional financial markets, as well as Putin's ambitions regarding the Eurasian Economic Union. In 1917, the Provisional Government issued treasury notes for 20 and 40 rubles. [2], Others say the ruble was never part of a grivna but a synonym for it. [53][54] However, Russian banks have been transferring their ATM networks to domestic software which does not require foreign specialists since at least 2018, with the biggest Russian bank, Sberbank, completing 80% of the transfer by June 2022. In 1860, silver 15 kopeks were introduced, due to the use of this denomination (equal to 1 zoty) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced. In 1998, preceding the financial crisis, the current ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1RUB = 1,000RUR. I'm reading 'The Brothers Karamazov' by Fyodor Dostoevsky, and there is often talk about a dowry of 3 thousand roubles, or a part where one character gives another character 100 roubles, but i have literally no idea what this money really is in today's worth. The move is aimed to further improve relations between Beijing and Moscow and to protect their domestic economies during the Great Recession. Full effort was placed upon military production and factories across the country fell silent for lack of raw materials. From July 2014 to February 2015 the ruble fell dramatically against the U.S. dollar. Only enter the numbers, any other characters or seperation marks will be trashed, in the box to the left of Russian Ruble (RUB), then click the "Convert" button; Click on "Russian Ruble (RUB)" link to convert Russian Ruble to all other currencies; Click on "US Dollar (USD)" link to convert US Dollar to all other currencies; Click on the link "Swap currencies" to convert from US Dollar to Russian Ruble; Click on the "Group converter" link to convert a group of numbers all at one time. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. A combination of capital controls, rising exports and falling imports have strengthened the Russian currency since it plunged in the weeks after Russias invasion of Ukraine. The exchange rate of the Russian Ruble in relation to the United States Dollar on the chart, the table of the dynamics of the cost as a percentage for the day, week, month and year. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? [3] Unemployed and under-employed workers often took to the manufacture of small crafts items, often using stolen materials, to have something to trade for food during the economic crisis. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? In 1704, as a result of monetary reforms by Peter the Great, the ruble became the first decimal currency. The new coins are struck in cupronickel. [6] Economics were bound with politics in this period, it is argued, with primary emphasis placed upon obtaining and maintaining political power. [52] Crimea is featured on three banknotes that are currently in circulation the 100 commemorative notes issued in 2015 and 2018, as well as the 200 note issued in 2017. [20] However, one more symbol, a with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to the Philippine peso sign, was proposed unofficially. The predominant colour of the note is blue. It may have been retained in English to avoid confusion with "rubble". Khudyakov, a member of parliament for the LDPR party stated, "You can clearly see that Apollo is naked, you can see his genitalia. It was also the first currency in Europe to be decimalised in 1704, when it was divided into 100 kopecks. Was an annual wage of 25 pounds per year in 1780 much compared to the wage rates at the time? Russia holds about $640 billion worth of euros, dollars, yen and other foreign currencies in banks around the world. "[49][50] Khudyakov's efforts did not lead to any changes being made to the design. The back of the note features the Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi. As the value of the Soviet ruble crashed, the process of price calculation and wage payment remained chaotic, as historian E. H. Carr later observed, with Soviet workers frequently bearing the brunt of the exchange problem: "The resulting situation was extremely complex. Inflation data from 1634 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University and from the American Antiquarian Society. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and the imperial eagle printed on the reverse. Answer (1 of 8): In Soviet times the Soviet government set the exchange rate at one ruble one dollar. Numbers ending in 59, 0, or 1114 are followed by genitive plural rubley, kopeyek. [41], The first new design, for the 100 note, was unveiled on 30 June 2022. Ruble coins as such did not exist till Peter the Great, when in 1704 he reformed the old monetary system and ordered mintage of a 28g (0.90ozt) silver ruble coin equivalent to 100 new copper kopek coins. 10. The financial crisis in Russia in 20142016 was the result of the collapse of the Russian ruble beginning in the second half of 2014. [deleted] 9 mo. Although Russias economy has held up better than many expected, the outlook is gloomy, with double-digit inflation and most economists predicting a deep recession. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. You can find an inflation calculator from 1209 to 2017 at www.bankofengland.co.uk, and comparators (for the UK and various other countries) from 1270 to 2017 at measuringworth.com. In the days after Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022 and the west imposed sanctions, the rouble collapsed. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it declined further to US$1 = 110 due to sanctions.[10]. Kommersant reported that the new 100 note introduced in 2022 will not work with an estimated 60% of cash registers and bank machines because they are imported and therefore must be updated by foreign companies, and this work may not be completed due to sanctions. It comes out on the surface on the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the figure-shaped window. A transparent polymer security stripe is embedded into the paper to make a transparent window incorporating an optically variable element in the form of a snowflake. [73], Not to be confused with the Armenian letter, Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover, The total sum is 200% because each currency trade always involves a. Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States. The 2,000 banknote will bear images of the Russian Far East: the bridge to Russky Island and the Vostochny Cosmodrome in the Amur Oblast. As noted above, this yearly inflation rate compounds to produce an overall price difference of 1,395.85% over 103 years. On Tuesday, it traded at its strongest level against the U.S. dollar since June 2015. ", "Why Russians and the World Dislike the Ruble", "Ruble Whipsawed as Exporter Dollar Sales Can't Offset Rout", "Mocked as 'Rubble' by Biden, Russia's Ruble Roars Back", "Russians Bet Ruble Will Rise To Status of Dollar, Euro, Yen", ": : ", "The UTC just accepted the Russian ruble currency symbol", "Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 7.0", "Update to support the new currency symbol for the Russian ruble in Windows", "News article about new 10-ruble coins being issued", " 10- ", "Commemorative and Investment Coins database, Bank of Russia", "Russia to issue 200- and 2,000-ruble banknotes", " 200 2000 ", "New 200 and 2000 ruble banknotes get their symbols", "Bank of Russia presents commemorative polymer banknote for the 2018 World Cup", "Bank of Russia to strengthen protection, upgrade design of banknotes", " 100 ", " 100", " 10 5 2023 ", "Guidelines for Cash Circulation Development in 20212025 approved", " 100- "", "No more naked Apollos on Russian banknotes, lawmaker says", "Russia's 100-Ruble Banknote With Naked Apollo Image Is Pornographic, Politician Argues", "Ukraine Refuses To Circulate New Russian Banknotes Depicting Crimea", "NBU Forbids Banks to Perform Transactions with Russian Banknotes and Coins Depicting Any Objects Located in the Occupied Territories of Ukraine", "Russian ATMs Reject New 100-Ruble Bill Kommersant", "New banknotes unable to work with Russian ATMs for years", " ", " ", " 10.12.2003 N 173- 18.07.2017 .", Chinese minister says China-Russia economic, trade co-op at new starting point, "Putin hopes Central Bank and government find balance in ruble exchange rate dynamics", "Here's Why the Russian Ruble Is Collapsing", "Online Prices Indicate Russian Inflation Spike After Ruble Decline", "Ex-Soviet republics hit by Russian economic crisis", "U.S. Won't Ease Sanctions to Stem Russia's Economic Crisis", "WRAPUP 2-Rouble crisis could shake Putin's grip on power", "Russia demands natural gas payments in rubles, leaves a loophole", "Russia's ruble is the strongest currency in the world this year", "Russia Mulls FX Interventions To Tame Ruble's Rise", "Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022", Historical Russian Ruble eXchange Rates: RUB, Images of historic and modern Russian bank notes, Historical and current banknotes of Russia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_ruble&oldid=1141444783, The language(s) of this currency belong(s) to the, 10 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 , 1,000 , 2,000 , 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 rubles, 50, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 rubles, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 rubles, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 rubles. On 23 December 2015, another commemorative 100 banknote was issued to celebrate the "reunification of Crimea and Russia". With the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the Soviet ruble. [citation needed] This name persists in the Mordvin word for ruble, . The coins depict the double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend " " ("Bank of Russia"). The ruble has been used in the Russian territories since the 14th century,[2] and is the second-oldest currency still in circulation, behind sterling. Modifications to the series were made in 2001, 2004, and 2010. 10 and 50 kopecks were also changed from brass to brass-plated steel. 1:1 Rouble/Dollar Parity (error), 1800: Silver Rouble reported at par with US Dollar(error, dated), 1800 Price Index (much more data at this source), Germany, 1829: Russia's Platinum Coinage Discussed. 4.39 or US$5.09 as of August 2018. The banknote is printed on high-quality white cotton paper. [3] This chart shows the average rate of inflation for select CPI categories between 1920 and 2023. In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes worth 10, 25, 50, and 100 rubles. In Unicode version 7.0 it was assigned the encoding U+20BD RUBLE SIGN. There were two variants of the denga, minted in Novgorod and Moscow. The ruble sign can be entered on a Russian computer keyboard as .mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:#f9f9f9;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#f9f9f9,#eee);color:#000;padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}AltGr+8 on Windows and Linux, or AltGr+ (Qwerty H position) on macOS. The inflation rate in 1920 was 15.61%. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1, 3 and 5-ruble notes and also introduced 200, 500 and 1,000-ruble notes, although the 25-ruble note was no longer issued. These were followed by 50,000-ruble notes in 1993, 100,000 rubles in 1995 and, finally, 500,000 rubles in 1997 (dated 1995). A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century. In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named ruble, including the Armenian ruble, Latvian ruble and Tajikistani ruble. What is, for example, 100 1850's roubles in present day USD? While use of the printing press to produce paper money was employed as virtually the sole means of state finance, manufacturing output simultaneously dropped precipitously, exacerbating the collapse of currency value. These coins have a unique holographic security feature inside the "0" of the denomination 10. [28] In August 2014, Microsoft issued updates for all of its mainstream versions of Microsoft Windows that enabled support for the new ruble sign.[29]. At the time of the establishment of the US currency until about 1798, there was Dollar-Rouble parity. I submitted a parliamentary request and forwarded it directly to the head of the central bank asking for the banknote to be brought into line with the law protecting children and to remove this Apollo. The inflationary crisis effectively ended in March 1924 with the introduction of the so-called "gold ruble" as the country's standard currency. The 1,000 ruble note did not continue as a 1 new ruble note. Exactly the former coin with a rider on it soon became colloquially known as kopek and was the higher coin until the beginning of the 18th century. The Constantine ruble (Russian: , konstantinovsky rubl') is a rare silver coin of the Russian Empire bearing the profile of Constantine, the brother of emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. Disappointed by the lack of clear resources on the impacts of inflation on economic indicators, Ian believes this website serves as a valuable public tool. Wherever requisitioning was applied, the area of land dedicated to cultivation contracted. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular style (if small) notes for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 50 kopeks. About half that amount is located in the U.S. and Europe. The Sevastopol side of the note features the Monument to Sunken Ships in Sevastopol bay and a fragment of the painting "Russian Squadron on the Roads of Sevastopol" by Ivan Aivazovsky. 1. At the time of the establishment of the US currency until about 1798, there was Dollar-Rouble parity. [70], Russia faced steep economic sanctions due to the invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/business/russian-ruble-ukraine.html. Russia's currency the ruble is now worth less than 1 cent after its invading forces escalated their bombing of Ukrainian cities, and the US and its allies stepped up moves to hamstring the. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 2.66% per year between 1920 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 1,395.85%. No kopek is currently formally subdivided, although denga ( kopek) and polushka ( denga, thus kopek) were minted until the 19th century. The most used currency was a small silver coin called denga (pl. In other words, a dollar will pay for fewer items at the store. It is exactly the same eagle that the artist Ivan Bilibin painted after the February Revolution as the coat of arms for the Russian Republic. EPA. (Priced in Paper Roubles, the intrinsic value of other silver coinage is likewise informative.). In 1998 the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new ISO 4217 code "RUB" and number 643, and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. The gold ruble, Russia's standard unit of currency, introduced in 1897 was equal to 0.774235 grams of gold. All Soviet coins issued between 1961 and 1991, as well as 1-, 2- and 3-kopeck coins issued before 1961, also qualified for exchange into new rubles. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. The number of roubles to one US dollar quickly fell from about 78 to 138 - a . This ruble was worth about US$0.5145 in 1914. This data is usually enough to forecast future changes. Right now around 97 Rouble per 1 usd. To be fair, in 2014 ruble falled 35 -> 65, about 70%. 100 of them would have had a value equivalent to 120 grams of gold. [9][10][11], With the outbreak of World War I, the gold standard peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering from hyperinflation in the early 1920s. 1 RUB = 0.01 USD at the rate on 2023-03-04. Privacy Policy. Raw data for these calculations comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index (CPI), established in 1913. (One ruble one ruble) Shape: Round: Alignment: Medal (0) Weight (gr) 12.8: Diameter (mm) 31: A snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster. 1920 Russian Ruble to US Dollar, 1920 RUB to USD Currency Converter This Russian Ruble to US Dollar currency converter is updated with real-time rates every 15 minutes as of Mar 02, 2023. By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4 zolotnik 21 dolya (or 4.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}2196 zolotnik, almost exactly equal to 18grams) of pure silver or 27 dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.2g (0.039ozt)) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of the two metals. To get the total inflation rate for the 103 years between 1920 and 2023, we use the following formula: Plugging in the values to this equation, we get: The average inflation rate of 2.66% has a compounding effect between 1920 and 2023. It's hard, but not critical. Continuing to use this resource, you automatically agree to the use of these technologies. The Russian ruble keeps rising, hitting a seven-year high. For more information, please see our According to one estimate, that of P. Popov of the Central Statistical Bureau of Soviet Russia, by 1920 the total production of Russian industry had fallen from a pre-war level of 6.059 billion gold rubles to the equivalent of just 836 million a decline of more than 85%. The ruble cemented its unlikely status as the worlds best-performing currency, rising to new multiyear highs this week. In 1859 a paper credit ruble was worth about nine-tenths of a silver ruble[16] These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 ruble notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1000 ruble notes added in 1917. Since collapsing in the weeks after Russias invasion of Ukraine, which triggered sweeping international sanctions aimed at crippling the Russian economy, the ruble has come roaring back. Therefore, the word "ruble" means "a cast with a seam". Thus one account ruble consisted of 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscow dengi (68g (2.2ozt) of silver). [5], With the nation's currency in shambles, Soviet economic officials discussed implementation of a new monetary device to facilitate the exchange of products, such as "labor units," but the period of War Communism came to a close in 1921 before any such idea could be implemented.[5]. Sorry, you can not add new coins because you have exceeded the limit. [55] Russian banks will start purchasing domestic ATMs with Elbrus processors in 2023, the mandatory share of Russian products in the purchase of ATMs was to be at least 18% for banks with state partnership, since 2022 it has grown to 20%.[56]. so he prepared a herbal medicine and sent it to me which i used for 2 weeks and i was cured everything was like a dream to me and my Herpes virus was totally gone, dr .Akhigbe, God bless you and give you more power and ability for more cure.I don't know if there is any one out there suffering for herpes virus or any of these diseases..DIABETES, CANCER, HIV/AIDS, HERPESHEPATITiSA AND B, HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASE,EPILEPSY, LUPUS, NOROVIRUS ,STROKE,PARKINSON'S DISEASE,SPINAL CORD INJURY, ECZEMA, KIDNEY DISEASE, ACME, BACK PAIN,EXTERNAL INFECTION, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, COMMON COLD, POLIO etc.
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