[51] in 2017, Raven and Maidment published a new phylogenetic analysis, including almost every known stegosaurian genus:[52][53].mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Many of the species initially described have since been considered to be invalid or synonymous with earlier named species,[5] leaving two well-known and one poorly known species. The model was based on Knight's latest miniature with the double row of staggered plates,[12] and was exhibited in the United States Government Building at the exposition in St. Louis before being relocated to Portland, Oregon for the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in 1905. Though adult T. rexes were mostly covered in scales, scientists think . These creatures are most often encountered in herds, which are vicious enough as a group that only the most brazen predators dare attack them. The stegosaurus has a small head and a tiny brain. It is on display in the University of Wyoming Geological Museum. [26] The hind feet each had three short toes, while each fore foot had five toes; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof. [10][7] The skeleton was expertly unearthed by Felch, who first divided the skeleton into labeled blocks and prepared them separately. Stegosaurus was up to 30 feet (9.1 meters) long. Though it is not always perfectly preserved, the acromion ridge is slightly larger than in Kentrosaurus. [31] Some large individuals may have reached 7.5m (25ft) in length and 5.05.3 metric tons (5.55.8 short tons) in body mass. Though they were large by our standards, the other dinosaurs that roamed while Stegosaurus was alive dwarfed it. Bakker also observed that Stegosaurus could have maneuvered its rear easily, by keeping its large hind limbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. "We need Dinozord Power! [27] The skeleton was nicknamed the "Bollan Stegosaurus" and is in the collections of the Dinosaur Journey Museum. [39] This has been proposed by Bakker[58][69] and opposed by Carpenter. Like most plant-eating dinosaurs, it had no teeth in the front of its mouth, but only a beak. [5][2] Later in 1887, Marsh described two more species of Stegosaurus from Como Bluff, Stegosaurus duplex, based on a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and partial left hindlimb (YPM 1858) from Reed's Quarry 11, though the species is now seen as synonymous with Stegosaurus ungulatus. Scant evidence in the fossil record has never been definitive - until now, scientists say. Scientists arent exactly sure how they chewed and foraged for food, because their mouth is simply, weird. Lucas reclassified this species in the new genus Hoplitosaurus later that year. Martin, A.J. He contends that they had insufficient width for them to stand erect easily in such a manner as to be useful in display without continuous muscular effort. Fossils of the genus have been found in the western United States and in Portugal, where they are found in Kimmeridgian- to Tithonian-aged strata, dating to between 155 and 145million years ago. Description of the Stegosaurus. Another suggestion is that the female would stand on all fours but squat down the fore limbs and raise the tail up and out of the male's way as he supports his fore limbs on her hips. However, their reproductive organs still could not touch as there is no evidence of muscle attachments for a mobile penis nor a baculum in male dinosaurs. Overall, these creatures were short, stout, and powerfully built. The spikes were probably used as defense mechanisms, while it is . Finally, You Can See Dinosaurs in All Their Feathered Glory - Animals Stegosaurus ungulatus by the describers. Stegosaurus | Stegosaurus Facts | DK Find Out Stegosaurus measured around 9m from nose to tail, making it something of a middleweight creature in the grand age of the dinosaurs. These may have been some kind of proto-feathers, perhaps brightly colored to attract a mate or intimidate a rival, or . They walked on four short legs, had small heads, and long tails capped with defensive spines. The Stegosaurus, an armored dinosaur with bony plates running along its backbone and ending in a giant spiked tail, had large space at the end of the spinal cord. "Powered up . [73], The function of Stegosaurus' plates has been much debated. 38. Stegosaurus: best size, skeleton, plates and dinosaur fossil facts [74] Nevertheless, others have continued to support a defensive function. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of conifers, tree ferns, and ferns (gallery forests), to fern savannas with occasional trees such as the Araucaria-like conifer Brachyphyllum. [54], Susannah Maidment and colleagues in 2008 proposed extensive alterations to the taxonomy of Stegosaurus. S. stenops preserves 46 caudal vertebrae, and up to 49, and along the series both the centrums and the neural spines become smaller, until the neural spines disappear at caudal 35. Stegosaurs lost the armour from the flanks of the body that these early relatives had. [94] One hypothesized feeding behavior strategy considers them to be low-level browsers, eating low-growing fruit of various nonflowering plants, as well as foliage. That's when Stegosaurus was a species of dinosaur that walked around the Earth. [13] Additional specimens recovered from the same quarry by the United States National Museum of Natural History, including tail vertebrae and an additional large plate (USNM 7414), belong to the same individual as YPM 1853. All photos used are royalty-free, and credits are included in the Alt tag of each image. Kessler contacted the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who sent paleontologist Robert Landberg. [26][25][24] The Stegosaurus skeletons have been mounted alongside an Allosaurus skeleton collected in Moffat County, Colorado originally in 1979. besttroodon 5 yr. ago No they do not have feathers. 2.5 - 3 meters. Do any reptiles have feathers? - TeachersCollegesj This dinosaur has a tyrannosauroid dinosaur classification, the same as T. Rex. [9][11] This first reconstruction, of S. ungulatus with missing parts filled in from S. stenops, was published by Marsh in 1891. A. Feathered dinosaur - Wikipedia Stegosaurus is one of the most recognisable dinosaurs, for one main reason: the big, triangle-shaped plates lining its neck, back and tail. Stegosaurus is one of the better-known dinosaurs, and has been featured in film, postal stamps, and many other types of media. Toes. [77] Buffrnil, et al. [28] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) proposed that the display function would have been reinforced by the horny sheath which would have increased the visible surface and such horn structures are often brightly colored. Did pterosaurs have feathers? Scientific debate takes flight in new study [23][5], As part of the Dinosaur Renaissance and the resurgent interest in dinosaurs by museums and the public, fossils of Stegosaurus were once again being collected, though few have been fully described. Did Dinosaurs Really Have Feathers? | Britannica Last Update: May 30, 2022. . 1. Since a cooling trend occurred towards the end of the Jurassic, a large ectothermic reptile might have used the increased surface area afforded by the plates to absorb radiation from the sun. Comparisons were made between it (represented by a specimen known as "Sophie" from the United Kingdom's Natural History Museum) and two other herbivorous dinosaurs; Erlikosaurus and Plateosaurus to determine if all three had similar bite forces and similar niches. One skeleton collected at the site known as "Victoria" is very well preserved including many of the vertebrae preserved in semi-articulation and next to an Allosaurus skeleton found nicknamed "Big Al II". Well preserved integumentary impressions of the plates of Hesperosaurus show a smooth surface with long and parallel, shallow grooves. [4] Marsh also incorrectly referred several fossils to S. armatus, including the dentary and teeth of the sauropod Diplodocus and putting sauropod limb bones and an Allosaurus tibia under YPM 1850. They are somewhat small for dinosaurs, but they are definitely way too big to live in your house! Even if they were alive, Stegosaurus would not make a good pet. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/animal/Stegosaurus, Stegosaurus - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Stegosaurus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Much of their notoriety comes from their odd, and intriguing, appearance. Did stegosaurus have feathers? - sitie.dixiesewing.com Determining the extent of this creatures range is difficult to do, because their fossils are somewhat rare. By the early 1960s, this had become (and remains) the prevalent idea, mainly because some, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:57. He led the construction of the first ever Stegosaurus skeletal mount at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, which was depicted with paired plates. Calculating the speed of Quadrupedal graviportal animals by Ruben Molina-Perez, Asier Larramendi. Updates? An average Stegosaurus was around 20 feet (6.1 meters) long, and weighed 2 tons. Is it likely that Stegosaurus and Triceratops had bare, furless scales The presence of a beak extended along much of the jaws may have precluded the presence of cheeks in these species. [29][26], Sophie the Stegosaurus is the best preserved Stegosaurus specimen, being 85% intact and containing 360 bones. Feathers, it seems, did not originate with the dinosaurs. 3. . 'roof-lizard') is a genus of herbivorous, four-legged, armored dinosaur from the Late Jurassic, characterized by the distinctive kite-shaped upright plates along their backs and spikes on their tails. [13] These were highly modified osteoderms (bony-cored scales), similar to those seen in crocodiles and many lizards today. Its head was held low and its stiff tail was poised high in the air. HAO, B., PENG, G., QIN, G., YE, Y., & JIANG, S. (2018). Spinosaurus Facts for Kids & Students - Information & Pictures [26] It is a young adult of undetermined sex, 5.8m (19ft) long and 2.9m (9.5ft) tall. The skull's low position suggests that Stegosaurus may have been a browser of low-growing vegetation. The pterosaurs, a closely related but separate group of "ruling reptiles" (or archosaurs, a group that, incidentally, also includes birds and crocodiles ), also had feathers. B. While this includes all species of birds, there is a hypothesis that many, if not all non-avian dinosaur species also possessed feathers in some shape or form. Stegosaurus | Description, Size, Plates, & Facts | Britannica A well-preserved Stegosaurus braincase allowed Othniel Charles Marsh to obtain, in the 1880s, a cast of the brain cavity or endocast of the animal, which gave an indication of the brain size. Did stegosaurus have feathers? The first cervical vertebra is the axis bone, which is connected and often fused to the atlas bone. One group of tracks is interpreted as showing four or five baby stegosaurs moving in the same direction, while another has a juvenile stegosaur track with an adult track overprinting it. The endocast showed the brain was indeed very small, the smallest proportionally of all dinosaur endocasts then known. And both of them bear battle . The T. rex actually existed closer in history to humans than to the Stegosaurus. [7] The other, Stegosaurus sulcatus, was named based on a left forelimb, scapula, left femur, several vertebrae, and several plates and dermal armor elements (USNM V 4937) collected in 1883. Sophie was first discovered by Bob Simon in 2003 at the Red Canyon Quarry near Shell, Wyoming and was excavated by crews from the Swiss Sauriermuseum in 2004. Sauropods dominated the region, and included Brachiosaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Camarasaurus, and Barosaurus. Top 10 Dinosaurs That Aren't What They Were - Listverse Types Of Dinosaurs! Trivia Facts Quiz - ProProfs Quiz Today, it is generally agreed that their spiked tails were most likely used for defense against predators, while their plates may have been used primarily for display, and secondarily for thermoregulatory functions. "Body mass estimates of an exceptionally complete Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Comparing volumetric and linear bivariate mass estimation methods", "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs", "A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs", "A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)", "Evidence for a Sauropod-Like Metacarpal Configuration in Stegosaurian Dinosaurs", "Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America", "A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, U.S.A., and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs", "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part III", "CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of, "The socio-sexual behaviour of extant archosaurs: Implications for understanding dinosaur behaviour", "Internal vascularity of the dermal plates of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora)", 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0291:teafot]2.0.co;2, "The 'species recognition hypothesis' does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non-avialan dinosaurs", "Lies, damned lies, and Clash of the Dinosaurs", "Decoupled form and function in disparate herbivorous dinosaur clades", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stegosaurus&oldid=1142738597, By 1891, Marsh published a more familiar view of, The plates were paired in a double row along the back, such as in Knight's 1901 reconstruction and the 1933 film, Two rows of alternating plates. They were large, heavily built, herbivorous quadrupeds with rounded backs, short fore limbs, long hind limbs, and tails held high in the air. [45] Bakker stated that Stegosaurus could flip its osteoderms from one side to another to present a predator with an array of spikes and blades that would impede it from closing sufficiently to attack the Stegosaurus effectively. The fact that an animal weighing over 4.5metric tons (5short tons) could have a brain of no more than 80g (2.8oz) contributed to the popular old idea that all dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Do stegosaurus eat meat? - walmart.keystoneuniformcap.com [98], Dinosaurs that lived alongside Stegosaurus included theropods Allosaurus, Saurophaganax, Torvosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Marshosaurus, Stokesosaurus, Ornitholestes, Coelurus and Tanycolagreus. [6] Many later researchers have considered Hypsirhophus to be a synonym of Stegosaurus,[7] though Peter Galton (2010) suggested that it is distinct based on differences in the vertebrae. Did T Rexes have feather? - TimesMojo The spinal cord in the region of the sacrum was enlarged and was actually larger than the brain, a fact that gave rise to the misconception that Stegosaurus possessed two brains. [2] Many of the plates are manifestly chiral[19][20] and no two plates of the same size and shape have been found for an individual; however plates have been correlated between individuals. Ceratosaurus and Stegosaurus dinosaurs: Warm-blooded. Stegosaurus, (genus Stegosaurus ), one of the various plated dinosaurs ( Stegosauria) of the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago) recognizable by its spiked tail and series of large triangular bony plates along the back. [81] The use of exaggerated structures in dinosaurs as species identification has been questioned, as no such function exists in modern species. So there is now more evidence that perhaps, yes, Tyrannosaurus Rex did have feathers! Stegosaurus Facts | Science Facts These are presumed to have served as defensive weapons, but they may have been ornamental. [7] The skeleton was shipped to Marsh in 1887, who named it Stegosaurus stenops ( "narrow-faced roof lizard") that year. . . Evolutionary scientists have recently claimed that pterosaurs had feathers. Carnotaurus. These dinosaurs had large flattened plates along the ridges of their backs. Colorful and scientifically accurate illustrations paired with intriguing facts will be sure to captivate your kids in grades 4-8. Simply put, 150 million years ago, some incredibly large creatures walked the earth. Stegosaurus is a genus of armored dinosaur, with large bone plates along its neck, back and tail. [76], Another possible function of the plates is they may have helped to control the body temperature of the animal,[76] in a similar way to the sails of the pelycosaurs Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus (and modern elephant and rabbit ears). So from being sluggish "terrible lizards" with scales, cold blood and pea-brains that went extinct, dinosaurs are now understood to . 560 pp. Birdlike Dinosaurs! Small Therapods and Prehistoric Birds Hardcover world. Additional support for this idea was a punctured tail vertebra of an Allosaurus into which a tail spike fits perfectly. [11] Spinosaurus was a giant meat-eating dinosaur that grew to lengths of 18 m (60 ft.). Like Marsh's reconstruction, Knight's first restoration had a single row of large plates, though he next used a double row for his more well-known 1901 painting, produced under the direction of Frederic Lucas. pp. Does diplodocus have three or more sacral vertebrae? However, this mount was dismantled in 1917 when the old Peabody Museum building was demolished. The skull and brain were very small for such a large animal. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Spinosaurus - Grace Hansen 2017-09-01 This title will help readers discover Spinosaurus dinosaurs that lived in the Cretaceous period around 95 million years ago. There were three different species of Stegosaurus, but all were relatively similar looking. The feet were short and broad. Scientists believe they reproduced sexually, via mating, and laid eggs. [3] Though several more complete specimens have been attributed to Stegosaurus armatus, preparation of the bones and analysis has discovered that this type specimen is actually dubious, which is not an ideal situation for the type species of a well-known genus like Stegosaurus. We know Stegosaurus didn't live in herds, but was probably solitary or lived in small groups. Now!" Jason shouted, and our Dinozords appeared. Researchers have determined that some dinosaurs had large forebrains, which would lead to heightened senses of both hearing and smell. Dinosaurs did have feathers ancestrally but most groups lost them. T. rex was among the last of the big Dinosaurs. . Preserved on slabs of ancient limestone in north-eastern Brazil, a newly discovered fossil of Tupandactylus imperator reveals the existence of pterosaur feathers about 113 million years ago. Down feathers were found on a pterosaur, so the fibers most of them have are indeed true proto-feathers. 'Dueling dinosaurs' fossils show Triceratops, T. rex, may have died Pterosaurs Didn't Have Feathers - Institute for Creation Research World Book's four-volume 'Dinosaurs!' series explains the origins and features of more than 100 types of dinosaurs. | SciShow News Watch on Did stegosaurus have feathers? - nskfb.hioctanefuel.com [40], A detailed computer analysis of the biomechanics of Stegosaurus's feeding behavior was performed in 2010, using two different three-dimensional models of Stegosaurus teeth given realistic physics and properties. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of green algae, fungi, mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkoes, and several families of conifers. The lower jaw had flat downward and upward extensions that would have completely hidden the teeth when viewed from the side, and these probably supported a turtle-like beak in life. [28] 2007 saw the description of a Stegosaurus specimen from the Upper Jurassic Lourinha Formation of Portugal, the specimen was placed as cf. Cool story have fun. And just how closely related T. rex to a chicken Award-winning journalist John Pickrell reveals how dinosaurs developed flight and became the birds in our backyards. [75] Mobility of the plates, however, has been disputed by other paleontologists. One subadult specimen, discovered in 1994 in Wyoming, is 4.6m (15.1ft) long and 2m (6.6ft) high, and is estimated to have weighed 1.5-2.2metric tons (1.6-2.4short tons)[34] while alive. A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and The authors said the feathers belonged to a type of non-flying dinosaur. They are arranged in two rows of alternating pairs, and at the tip of the tail, they transition into a line of foreboding spikes, each more than 30cm long. [24], 1987 saw the discovery of a 40% complete Stegosaurus skeleton in Rabbit Valley in Mesa County, Colorado by Harold Bollan near the Dinosaur Journey Museum. What Do All Dinosaurs Have In Common? 11 Key Similarities Four possible plate arrangements have been proposed over the years: After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by the depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections. These, and all other non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at least 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Stegosaurus went extinct around 150 million years ago, and never lived while humans were on earth. [48] This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere, Africa and possibly South America. The Stegosaurus is another famous dinosaur species that has captivated our imagination. Stegosaurus - Wikipedia One of the major subjects of books and articles about Stegosaurus is the plate arrangement. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. rex had feathers as well, Norell said. That means they were made on day six of creation (Genesis 1:24 . Dino - MC Flashcards | Quizlet Scales that grew larger and began to diverge. This interpretation is supported by the absence of front teeth and their likely replacement by a horny beak or rhamphotheca. Did all dinosaurs have feather? Interesting Facts About Coelophysis - ThoughtCo "All systems, online!" Billy shouted. Did Stegosaurus have feathers? - Quora This mount was created under the direction of Charles Gilmore at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Omissions? While a human's. See full answer below. [21] The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition in 1897, finding several assorted, but incomplete, Stegosaurus specimens at Bone Cabin Quarry in Como Bluff. Stegosaurus and its relatives are closely related to the ankylosaurs, with which they share not only dermal armour but several other features, including a simple curved row of small teeth. Farther posteriorly, the proportionately larger the cervicals become, although they do not change greatly in anything other than size. [74] A 2015 study of the shapes and sizes of Hesperosaurus plates suggested that they were sexually dimorphic, with wide plates belonging to males and taller plates belonging to females. Score: 4.3/5 (1 votes) . Past the first few dorsals, the centrum of the bones become more elongate front-to-back, and the transverse processes become more elevated dorsal. [35], The long and narrow skull was small in proportion to the body. Asked by: Kaia Halvorson. Animal fossils discovered include bivalves, snails, ray-finned fishes, frogs, salamanders, turtles like Glyptops, sphenodonts, lizards, terrestrial and aquatic crocodylomorphs like Hoplosuchus, several species of pterosaurs such as Harpactognathus and Mesadactylus, numerous dinosaur species, and early mammals such as docodonts (like Docodon), multituberculates, symmetrodonts, and triconodonts. The only interactions between Stegosaurus and humans are in movies and television. Also, the pelvic region of the specimens are similar to Kentrosaurus juveniles. Yes, Diplodocus fossils reveal that these giants had five sacral vertebrae, no different than other vertebrates, including humans. It is likely that their life consisted pretty much of slowly searching for food, and defending themselves from predators. [3] Marsh initially believed the remains were from an aquatic turtle-like animal, and the basis for its scientific name, 'roof(ed) lizard' was due to his early belief that the plates lay flat over the animal's back, overlapping like the shingles (tiles) on a roof. So there's about just as much time between us and T. rex as there is between T. rex and Stegosaurus, so they never would have met each other. The finding raises the possibility that the very earliest. When it lived: Late Jurassic, 155-145 million years ago. Stegosaurus, one of the many dinosaurs described in the Bone Wars, was first collected by Arthur Lakes and consisted of several caudal vertebrae, a dermal plate, and several additional postcranial elements that were collected north of Morrison, Colorado at Lakes YPM Quarry 5. This was supported by elongated vertebrae (bones that make up the spinal column). [45] The plates' large size suggests that they may have served to increase the apparent height of the animal, either to intimidate enemies[7] or to impress other members of the same species in some form of sexual display. Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. Chure, Daniel J.; Litwin, Ron; Hasiotis, Stephen T.; Evanoff, Emmett; and Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). They found other fossils in Europe, China, Africa, and India. [68] He had changed his mind, however, by 1891, after considering the heavy build of the animal. Almost all birds are flying creatures to some degree, and they all have wings.
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