Most, if not all, historians agree the pirate named Jose Gaspar never existed. $ 6 reviews. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. All rights reserved. So, we stole Jose Gaspar. "Either my great-grandfather made the best, most elaborate pirate hoax ever and never shared it with anyone or he really did find some treasure on the Hillsborough River. Seeing the writing on the wall, he decided to scuttle his own ship and hide with his crew in the forrest. Or show us love by sharing articles and leaving great comments. Sarasota's Michael Gattuso and members of his . Was there really a pirate named Jose Gaspar? His flagship was eventually ran aground and he was ultimately killed by English warships off the East Coast of America. However, even from the first we run into different versions of the story. Treasure hunter Erin Melcher. Billy left the vast majority of his crew behind and sailed north to gather supplies to salvage his ship. When Maria and Mike were children, their grandfather would tell them stories about his father, Ernesto Lopez, finding Jose Gaspar's pirate treasure. And he's fueled a cottage industry of treasure-hunting books, guides and metal . Just like most pirates, there is little known about his early life. And she actually had maps, and she had stories that were passed down to the family about these treasures. Perhaps this suggested location is merely a case in mistaken identity. The race of the old buccaneer was nearly run, but all through that night, he told a story of piracy that could scarce be believed, yet it was a dying man that was clearing his soul before his Maker. The map is estimated to be from the 1930s and shows the Tampa area. In it, she introduced herself and wrote that her parents were. According to Floridian folklore, Gaspar was a fearsome pirate that operated out of a secret base in southwest Florida in the late 18th and early 19th . Jose was also an officer of high standing in the naval affairs of the Spaniards. 3. He confirmed that indeed the Lopezes have found a real human hand, but as for Gasparilla, that was a myth. The men were executed but Gomez was to be the final survivor of this piratical outfit. However, there is another story, that has some validity, of what happened to his treasure. Cleaning the dreaded attic turned up a darling wedding photo of the Lopezes grandparents, but it also uncovered some interesting but creepy finds. Gaspar is presented as dignified, noble in heart and rich and titled in some versions. Indian River Shores, Florida A trove of Spanish coins dating back to a 1715 shipwreck during a storm have been found along a beach in Florida. Wikipedia, 2022. . When his attempts to capture Joseffa's heart were met with contempt, Gaspar used Useppa Island to imprison the proud princess, and the isle came to be known as "Joseffa's Island." Barron G. Collier Gaspar realized in this moment that he had found the treasure he was searching for. But Rodney Kite-Powell, a Tampa-Bay curator, doesn't believe that the legendary figure was even real. Lesser and Greater Antilles / Windward and Leeward Islands What is What? As the story goes, the pirate Jose Gaspar was hunting for the USS Enterprise in 1821; onboard was Juan Gmez, the man who lived to tell the tale. "But if you're gonna make up the myth, you know, go big, and so why not make him, you know, all pirates rolled into one and, you know, the baddest of them all," Rodney Kite-Powell, a historian at the Tampa Bay History Center and Director of the Touchstone Map Library said. According to the sources we studied, Gaspar was probably born in Spain in 1756. The parade that follows is one of the largest in the country, drawing hundreds of thousands of people to Tampa Bay. "Maria came across it and once she told me she found a hand in a box. Always being on the run from mercenaries, armies, navies, and any and all other law enforcement agencies of the day, often resulted in the necessity to hide their riches. Our Florida pirate "Jose Gaspar enters history's scene in Spain where he was born in the year 1756 and started adult life with a career in the Spanish Navy, serving aboard the warship Floridablanca. He was sentenced to prison and eventually released. Spending most of his time here and running a larger business would provide ample opportunity and necessity to hide valuables. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Several local antique stores described the contents of the box as authentic and gruesome, though a Tampa Bay historian says they do not appear to be genuine Spanish coins. A treasure said to be worth $30 million. The 300,000 partiers who will swarm the streets Saturday in Tampa for the annual Gasparilla pirate parade wont care. Canceled2021 Gasparilla Pirate Festival / Date Oak Island: Legends of Pirates and Treasure, Barbarossa the Pirate: Scourge of the Mediterranean, Flying Dutchman: Phantom Ship, Legend and Sightings, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar, https://www.wfla.com/news/gasparilla/history-of-gasparilla-jose-gaspar-his-krewe/, https://ymkg.com/the-legend-of-jose-gasparilla/. JavaScript is disabled. His headquarters were at Boca Grande, on what is today known as Gasparilla Island. Gasparilla had fallen into a trap! As with any tale of vast hidden riches, these stories can not be 100 percent verified to even exist. "Maybe my great-grandparents were pirates," Mike Lopez said. "But, what we believe is that Juan Gomez had ties to him. Bald Point is another hotspot but for rumors of pirate treasure. P.S. Oak Island the Strange, the Bizarre, and Maybe the "Truth! They then buried the chests in numerous places along the river and its tributaries and swamps. Theyve done this every Sunday for a year, looking for the booty of 19th century pirate Jose Gaspar. Gasparilla 2023: The pirate party master list. In all, he buried 13 casks and chests of treasure in the vicinity of his headquarters. It is said that Captain Kidd came ashore here. . again not sure of the thought process of choosing a tree as a landmark for millions of dollars in treasure, but that is how the story goes. Whether he was his cabin boy, like it states in the story, or maybe he might have been Gasparilla himself because of all the treasure maps that we have found. . The Gaspar myth in the very beginning was tied to the Charlotte Harbor area. A fortune worth $1 million when it was hidden in 2010 is waiting to be picked up somewhere in the Rocky Mountains just a few miles from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Paluska and ABC Action News photojournalist Reed Moeller took a 20-minute ferry ride from Pine Island to Useppa Island, the location where Gaspar is said to have beheaded a Spanish Princess. In Polish origin the meaning of name Gaspar is : Treasure keeper Spanish Meaning : The name Gaspar is an Spanish baby name. His men, who numbered in the hundreds, also buried their smaller caches on these islands. Some historians say Caesar has between two-and-six million dollars of treasure stashed on Pine Island. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, no pirate was more feared in the southern United States than Jose Gaspar. Flagler Beach, FL 32136. "I'm considering it," he said with a big smile. Jos Gaspar allegedly lived between 1756 and 1821 and was based on southwest Florida, on the edge of the Gulf of Mexico. Many took the deal. You must log in or register to reply here. We also participate in programs from eBay, CJ, Bluehost, Clickbank, ShareASale, and other sites. According to some versions of the story, Gaspar started as a troubled adolescent who kidnapped a little girl for ransom. And to this day, Jose Gaspar returns on board his pirate ship every year to capture the city.". Save. Contributing columnist Jose Gaspar is a news anchor/reporter for Telemundo Bakersfield and KGET. These stories really get your imagination scrambling about finding buried riches yourself. Who created the man who is now a legend? It was a simple wooden box, but inside were fascinating (and macabre) clues to a family mystery. jose gaspar, coins, and treasuremap found. But treasure hunters believe there is truth in his tall tale, and buried treasure is out there. Though that treasure has never been discovered, the story of the swashbuckling Gaspar was unearthed and his memory revived in 1904 when Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla was formed and adopted the pirate as patron rogue of their city . No contemporaneous mention of his existence or achievements has ever been found in Spanish or American ship logs, court documents, newspapers, or other archives, and no tangible items associated with Gaspar have been unearthed in the area where he is said to have operated. There are a few theories as to the location of a hidden treasure by Lafitte in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. There are multiple stories about his life that vary greatly depending upon the source of the information, leading some to conclude that he was not a real person. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Not much is known of his early life before his pirating career. We lived not far from Gasparella Island and Charlotte Harbour.where the legend supposedly ended. Do you think there's buried treasure out there? There are a few pirates who may have hidden treasure at this spot, including Billy. Go find it, unbury it, take tons of pictures, bury it back again, and prove to the world that you found it. This story seems to border on the outer limits, but a local historian doesnt believe that the hand belongs to the famed pirate. He was wanted until 1815 when opinion of him changed. He met and married his wife in New York and had 2 daughters. These stories and locations presented are based on our research but should be taken with some skepticism. link to 8 Super Fun Family Treasure Hunt Ideas: With Real Treasure. Some records give him the honor of being what we would call an admiral. Did Grandpa find pirate treasure? The legend of pirate Jose Gaspar, or Gasparilla as he is sometimes known, is shrouded in mystery. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The story was included in a brochure in 1900 for a hotel on Gasparilla Island, where the pirate supposedly stored his vast treasures in a hidden den that had never been found. Therefore hiding treasure might have seemed like a logical choice. He spent nearly 30 years plundering ships in and around the gulf coast. Tales of pirate treasures are very difficult to substantiate due to many factors. Okay, that was. (386) 439-3061. This allegedly infuriated the young lady who devised a plan to essentially frame Gaspar for stealing some jewels. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/f2/ferret-iii.htm, Florida's Pirate Jose Gaspar and his Treasure Story. He would even compensate for injuries if they were sustained while obtaining cargo from another ship. Blackbeard captured an estimated 40 different ships and vessels in a little less than 2 years off the east coast of America and across the Caribbean. I love searching for all types of "treasures" with my family. In different accounts, details of his early life, motivations, and activities varied. Once again our legend states that he hid 3 large chests among a group of trees on San Jose Island. I was totally blown away," said Lopez. The rest of the treasure remains hidden, waiting to be found. Find the treasure, don't report it, melt it down or sell it on the black market using a different name. Lafayette Street, which is now Kennedy Boulevard is also labeled on the map. Some records give him the honor of being what we would call an admiral. The vessel was said to be transporting gold, silver and precious gems collected in the South . Gasparilla fell in love with Jeffries while on land, but she informed him that she had fallen in love with one of his crew, Batista Fuentes, a handsome and well-educated man from a famous family. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Icelanders and the Huldufolk: A Nation Gripped by Farinis Great Discovery: Is there a Lost City Top Ten Knights of King Arthurs Round Table. His theft discovered, he deserted his wife and children, gathered together a nice lot of cut-throats, stole the prize vessel of the Spanish Fleet, and escaped. Youll read about many that are hidden and a few that were found, so it can happen. Jose Gaspar Treasure Co | Flagler Beach, FL 32136. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The San Jose, a Spanish treasure ship, was attacked and sunk by a British warship in June 1708. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Other than news articles, the first story ever published in print about the Story of Gasparilla was commissioned by the Charlotte Harbor & Northern Railroad. Inside was a tattered map of the Hillsborough River, century-old coins, a family picture and a hand wearing a ring. In the late 1600s a Scottish sailor named William Kidd came to America. They will be focused on the Florida coastline, right in my back yard. His ship was scuttled in the battle sending the valuables to the bottom of the ocean. This story states that the vast treasure was actually siting on the beach in numerous chests waiting to be divided. https://www.cultofweird.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/pirate-treasure-hand.jpg, https://www.cultofweird.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/cultofweird-new-logo.png, Mysterious Pirate Treasure Box Found in Tampa Bay Attic, February 17, 2023 - 9:45 pm by dEBRINA bLACKMOON. He ignored this order and stayed in Galveston for about another year before the Army returned forcing him to leave. Latest Blog . There are numerous tales and stories of pirate treasures hidden thought the world, some of which are not attributed to any particular pirate. These recommended links below will help you save money and book your trip: We use all the companies listed here or on the resource page. He subsequently set fire to all his buildings before sailing out to sea, never to be heard from again. ", The story of Gaspar begins in 1782; the brochure states, "he stood high in the graces of the Spanish Court, so high indeed that he niched the crown jewels. How did the legend of Gaspar begin? There are also inherent dangers involved with any of these types of adventures. Around noon on the Gasparilla Day, members of YMKG set sail across Tampa Bay from near Ballast Point Park to downtown aboard the Jose Gasparilla, a 165' long flat . A couple of his rancher buddies found him and buried him. The American Government then decided to get into the act and sent a Navy squadron to end his career. Here Lafitte had a very fair treasure distribution policy that everyone seemed to like. 2009-2021 Historic Mysteries. Most confirm that the "Floridablanca" was the name of his pirate ship and the one that he served upon in the Navy. When Jose Gaspar died, he supposedly left an untold fortune in buried treasure somewhere along the Florida coast. Show more. Leaving soon? "You'll hear more of us, you know; we'll do this until we're old and, you know, can't do it anymore.". At The Jose Gaspar Treasure Co. visitors and locals can find treasures of all kinds. "Possibly keep it forever. We thought that was awesome. But treasure hunters believe there is truth in his tall tale, and buried treasure is out there. A band of pirates in Wisconsin operated out of a cave on Hermit island. Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way. We have seven maps.". Thread starter seeker41; Start date Apr 29, 2015 Apr 29, 2015 (2) Most of the islands around Charlotte Harbor were named by the Cuban Spanish fishermen that lived there since the 1600's. Despite its long history, there is no definitive origin of the name. This location is said to be on the southern end at False Live Oak Point. Gaspar did not exist, but never mind that. Available at: https://ymkg.com/the-legend-of-jose-gasparilla/. Jose Gaspar Treasure 6 Jewelry Gift Shops Bookstores $ "We went in looking for a lite shark tooth for our son. Since 1904, pirates have invaded the City of Tampa to kick off the Gasparilla Pirate Festival. Ian Harvey is one of the authors writing for The Vintage News, Join 1000s of subscribers and receive the best Vintage News in your mailbox for FREE, BUGA UP was an influential movement of graffiti artists who battled the promotion of unhealthy products, Before the development of photography, the Portrait miniature was highly popular in introducing people to each other over distances, Police arrest a 72-year-old suburban grandfather suspected of being the Golden State Killer, Im not dead yet: some Buddhist monks followed self-mummification, Project Azorian: Howard Hughes secret mission, 1960s U.S. satellite that started transmitting again in 2013, The Walk of Shame in Game of Thrones historical inspiration, The only unsolved skyjacking case in U.S. history might have a break, Kurt Gdel became too paranoid to eat and died of starvation, Little Ease: One of the most feared torture devices in the Tower of London, The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, Walt Disney softened the original Snow White story. Finally Pirates Cove, which is on the southern tip of Connecticut may house these valuable chests. The pirate, whose full name is Jos Gaspar, is a legend from the 18th and 19th century. One of the most popular pirates in Florida folklore is Jose' Gaspar. Marias brother Mike believes the couple in the photo may be their great grandparents, Eve and Ernesto Lopez. (story from treasurelore.com). This characterization continues through the stories of Gasparilla as a pirate. This treasure as well as the tunnels remain lost. His death seems to come straight from Hollywood. The Search for Florida's Lost Pirate: With Josh Gates, Shamus Warren, Rodney Kite-Powell, Michael Gattuso. Dodge and Hardee get credit for creating Gasparilla, and Hardee and the krewe more so for crafting Gaspar's backstory (including giving him the first name Jose and a death date of 1821). It may not display this or other websites correctly. The pirate, whose full name is Jos Gaspar, is a legend from the 18th and 19th century. History of Gasparilla: Jos Gaspar & his krewe. Pirate Photo byScott UmstattdonUnsplash, Lafitte Photo By Anonymous Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas, Public Domain, Skully Photo byLuke SouthernonUnsplash. will support that mission. Much of his treasure was carried to him up the Peace River. He quickly worked his way up the ranks of the Spanish Navy and became an officer. ", According to the railroad brochure, the "narrative was compiled by the writer from incidents told by John Gomez, better known as Panther Key John, a brother-in-law of Gasparilla and a member of his crew, who died at the age of 120 years, at Panther Key, Florida, 12 miles below Marco, in the year 1900; also from records left by John Gomez, Jr., the cabin-boy on Gasparilla's ship, who was kidnapped by Gasparilla and who witnessed the death of this pirate and all on board his vessel. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The pirate is one of the most notorious in the history of pirates. As with any treasure hunting adventure, be sure and obtain permission from any applicable parties before your hunt begins. He finally returned with his wife to find all but a handful of his crew had died. It seems the mythical pirate was a tall tale concocted by a man named Juan Gmez. Jose Gaspar, the legendary buccaneer who inspired Tampa's Gasparilla Pirate Festival, as well as fantastic tales of lost treasure, most likely never really existed. Jose Gaspar has come in handy for parades and celebrations. A few months ago, Gattuso found a Calusa bone tool that is now part of the Useppa Island museum's collection. He apparently helped repeal a British Invasion on New Orleans. His theft discovered, he deserted his wife. Copyright 2023 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Before we get to the treasure hunt, let's touch on the historical background of Jose Gaspar and how a now infamous fictitious pirate became a Tampa legend. This happened in the year 1782. He was said to have been extremely active for many years, attacking merchant ships and evading justice, and in this time he won himself a huge fortune. Jose Gaspar, the legendary buccaneer who inspired Tampas Gasparilla Pirate Festival, as well as fantastic tales of lost treasure, most likely never really existed. 2119 N Ocean Shore Blvd, Flagler Beach, FL 32136-2802. "It's a bunch of heartbreak with little reward and a lot of imagination," said treasure hunter Erin Melcher. His piratical career always starts with an injustice and he is seen as a lovable rogue rather than a murderous monster. However, he spotted a British merchant ship and could not resist one final prize. The eerie discovery of a mysterious wooden box bearing a disembodied mummified hand with a ring on the wedding ring finger, an old map of the Tampa area and several coins has stirred up memories of pirate Jose Gaspar. With his crew of cut-throat mercenaries, the last of the buccaneers terrorized shipping in the Gulf of Mexico for years, striking from his secret Florida base. RECOMMENDED: The legend of Jose Gaspar and the history of Gasparilla. Definitely try, Find our recommended Caribbean hotels, restaurants, charters, & tours. Gasparilla not only granted Lopez permission but also bestowed his blessing on his long-time friend, providing a ship and several men to accompany him back to Spain. Though details about his early life, motivations, and piratical exploits differ in various tellings, they agree that the 'Last of the Buccaneers" was a remarkably active pirate who amassed a huge . 11 The Cuerdale Treasures- $2.6 Million. ", The story said Gaspar hid in the Charlotte Harbor area, and "while taking the census of 1900, two gentlemen stopped at Panther Key and spent the night with *John Gomez. We're back to the hotel brochure. Sign up for our WTFF Newsletter to get weird Florida news delivered straight to your email: WTFF News: Because regular news is depressing. After sustaining heavy damage, the famed Spanish pirate tied himself to his anchor and leaped to his watery death apparently not wanting to be killed at the hands of the enemy. The allures of Jose Gaspar's mythical treasure and Tampa's giant pirate parade have pulled strongly on producers of reality television lately. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Source: Theartofphoto / Adobe Stock. The most famous Florida pirate was Jos Gaspar, known by his nickname Gasparilla. On my recent visit, I was on a shell mission to use for a hairpiece for a . Historic Mysteries provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and unexplained mysteries. They gave him a first name, Jose Gaspar, and they really gave him the full backstory to create that in 1904. When it comes to spring cleaning, its always nice to have a spare hand to help. The latter two locations being the most logical. Having spent some time here, Blackbeard built a fort near a swamp west of Charleston. The Legend of Jose Gaspar. The family thinks the hand belongs to famous Tampa Bay pirate Jose Gaspar. Just pick any island and start digging, because Gasparillas loot is buried on many of them, including Cayo Pelau. Josh joins marine archaeologists and treasure hunters working to crack the mysteries of the pirate's life so they can find the riches he left behind. He weighed in on the treasure map as well and believes it was a blueprint for the area during the 1920s and 1930s, but nothing more. JOSE GASPAR: Kern County makes history, and in a good way Dec 18, 2022 The 8-year-old student was curios so she wrote a letter. What he thought was a British cargo ship turned out to be the USS Enterprise, on a mission to end piracy. Find the treasure, report it, and go to jail for committing a 3rd Degree Felony. So are you juiced up and just caught the gold fever? ", "Jose Gaspar, from my understanding, was a name that was made up by Ye Mystic Krewe, which they tied to Gasparilla, which was tied to the railroad pamphlet that you're talking about, which that is not real. He even set up a blockade of the port of Charleston in South Carolina for 6 days. Jos Gaspar, known by his nickname Gasparilla (supposedly lived c. "We are not sure what we're going to do with it," said Lopez. Chasing Treasure: The myth of Gasparilla and the real-life man Juan Gomez. The Story of Jose Gaspar Jos Gaspar allegedly lived between 1756 and 1821 and was based on southwest Florida, on the edge of the Gulf of Mexico. His methods were black and bloody, and he stands out among all the pirates who used Florida to bury their wealth. Interesting history topics are just a click away. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Mysterious box containing a map, coins and a mummified hand found in Tampa Bay attic. Afterwards, he sailed his ship, the Floridablanca, to the Gulf Coast and set up a pirate base on what is now known as Gasparilla Island in Southwest Florida. Crystal and I greatly appreciate any support! This action helped turn opinion of Lafitte from villain to hero. Where is the Body of the Legendary King Gorm of Denmark. Jos Gaspar, also known by his nickname Gasparilla (supposedly lived c. 1756 - 1821), is an apocryphal Spanish pirate who terrorized the Gulf of Mexico from his base in southwest Florida during Florida's second Spanish period (1783 to 1821). Strap yourself in for a wild ride and buy this international bestselling book today! Who was this figure, and what was he supposed to have done? It's located on the north side of town, next door to the Turtle Shack cafe. Leaving Spain at an early age, he sailed to the West Coast of Florida. The treasure: Slave-turned-pirate Henri Caesar stole a ship in Haiti to seek his fortune on the Spanish Main and Florida waters. But Gasparilla himself did not survive the final battle. Canny readers will already recognize a certain romantic streak in these stories. https://wtfflorida.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/17-Oru-Para-Todos-Los-Santos-Part-1-Eleggua.mp3, Its gonna be really f*cking cold in Florida; impending snow, death, mayhem, Andrew Van Sickle assigned as prosecutor in the infamous shark case, Lets Make Florida Slightly Less Fucked Up, Alligator attacks Peace River swimmer in Arcadia, Florida Man Cuts off Gator Tail to Impress Girlfriend and Tries to Sell it to Neighbors, Traffic stop leads to meth arrest in Silver Springs. According to other versions of the narrative, Gaspar was a nobleman who rose through the ranks of the Spanish Royal Navy and became a councilor to King Charles III of Spain. With the help of the Prime Minster she was able to convincingly spread this rumor leading to Gaspars impending arrest by the king. A unique legend of pirate treasure in Indiana is intriguing. Top Image: Real pirate or later fiction? Plundering the high seas and ports alike resulted in vast riches for some of these ruthless criminals. Charlotte Harbor is an ideal spot to go treasure hunting. In his early pirate career, he teamed up with a few other pirates and eventually took over a ship named The Revenge. His ship soon followed him to the watery depths. He supposedly buried large amounts of treasures on the islands around the bay. He wished to return to America to retrieve this treasure after Kidds execution but he never made it back. (5) The first written version of Gasparilla appeared in an advertising brochure of the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railroad Co. printed in 1900. One day Gasparilla prepared to attack a merchantman, but to his surprise, it turned out to be a United States man-of-war. If marriage was selected, there would be a ceremony, and the marriage promise would be strictly enforced. During this time a woman of the royal family, rumored to be the kings daughter-in-law sought the attention of this young naval officer. Hiding treasure under a well constructed fort is a much more logical thought than those previously mentioned. (3) The Spanish kept meticulous records and there is no mention of Gasparilla in the archives. One such account concerns Maria Louise, a lovely Spanish princess, who was returning to Spain after a journey to Mexico with 11 Mexican princesses who were to be educated and married in Spain. A Net Inceptions project. Answer: True This is an area where the stories of Gaspar are for once consistent. Some of the add-ons on this site are powered by, Jose Gaspar is not the only mythical pirate character that has. So it would seem that Gasparilla is a fiction, no more real a figure than Mickey Mouse. To learn more, visit our. There is not much known about his adventures in Florida but there is rumors of him hiding a large treasure around Choctawatchee Bay.
Disadvantages Of Cephalization,
Siler City Police Reports,
Prestwick Aircraft Maintenance Jobs,
Articles J