Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Mil Med Sci. 2013;73:4737. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with 1 GHz and 300 GHz. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. 2008;169:3845. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. 1994;15:95104. 1999;75:44756. Int J Occup Environ Health. Zhao et al. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Int J Radiat Biol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Professor, Asst Director at VIT PubMed [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. 2009;27:556572. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Qutob et al. Cosquer et al. Mol Cell Biol. Neurol Sci. Abe M, Bonini NM. Google Scholar. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Wang et al. Synapse. JAMA. 2016;53:210011. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. 2005;25:10190201. Trends Neurosci. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Radiat Res. Sareesh et al. The effects are usually . Verma et al. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Bioelectromagnetics. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. as it have a harmful side. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. 2005;360:6577. PubMed Biomed Environ Sci. 2006;165:63644. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. J Mol Neurosci. Cookies policy. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Nature. Xu et al. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Wang et al. 1984;11:4760. Ning et al. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Article PubMedGoogle Scholar. Brain Res Rev. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Google Scholar. 2006;98:170713. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. 2012;62:22336. Richter et al. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. 2015;91:42634. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Gold PE. 2002;13:11921. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Article The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. . The conclusions are shown in Table3. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. 2007;96:218196. Interphone study group. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. 2010;1347:17985. J Environ Health. 2000;11:16413. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. statement and This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Front Neurosci. Nat Med. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? CAS 1996;180:917. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . CAS The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Google Scholar. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Biomed Environ Sci. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Physiol Behav. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 2013;23:306. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Int J Radiat Biol. Neuroreport. 2006;12:44651. 2008;29:52738. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Electromagn Biol Med. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Cite this article. 2002;64:31353. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. PubMed This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Toxicol Sci. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. radiations. PubMed Central 2010;39:67594. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Behav Brain Res. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. 1975;148:1723. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. CAS Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study.
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